English-WordRoot-WordPrefix-WordSuffix

英语单词构词法


前缀

第1节 表示否定意义的前缀

(1) 纯否定前缀

  • a-, an-: asymmetry (不对称), anhydrous (无水的)
  • dis-: dishonest, dislike
  • in-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-:
    incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible,
    immoral, illegal, irregular
  • ne-, n-: none, neither, never
  • non-: nonsense
  • un-: unable, unemployment

(2) 表示“错误”的意义

  • male-, mal-: malfunction, maladjustment (失调)
  • mis-: mistake, mislead
  • pseudo-: pseudonym (假名), pseudoscience (伪科学)

(3) 表示“反动作”的意思

  • de-: defend, demodulation (解调)
  • dis-: disarm, disconnect
  • un-: unload, uncover

(4) 表示“相反、相互对立”的意思

  • anti-, ant-: antiknock (防震), antiforeign (排外的)
  • contra-, contre-, contro-: contradiction, controflow (逆流)
  • counter-: counteraction, counterbalance
  • ob-, oc-, of-, op-: object, oppose, occupy
  • with-: withdraw, withstand

第2节 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀

前缀含义举例
a-在……之上、向……aboard, aside
by-附近、邻近、边侧bypath, bypass
circum-, circu-周围、环绕、回转circumstance, circuit
de-在下、向下descend, degrade
en-在内、进入encage, enbed
ex-, ec-, es-外部、外exit, eclipse, expand, export
extra-额外extraction
fore-在前面forehead, foreground
in-, il-, im-, ir-向内、在内、背于inland, invade, inside, import
inter-, intel-在……间,相互international, interaction
intro-向内、在内、内侧introduce
medi-, med-, mid-中,中间Mediterranean, midposition
out-在上面,在外部,在外outline, outside, outward
over-在上面,在外部,向上overlook, overhead, overboard
post-向后,在后面,次postscript (附言), postgraduate
pre-在前,在前面prefix, preface, preposition
pro-在前、向前progress, proceed
sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-在下面,下subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement
super-, sur-在……之上superficial, surface, superstructure
trans-移上,转上,在那一边translate, transform, transoceanic
under-在……下面,下的underline, underground
up-向上,向上面,在上upward, uphold, uphill

第3节 表示时间、序列关系的前缀

前缀含义举例
ante-, anti-先前,早于,预先antecedent, anticipate
ex-先、故、旧ex-president, ex-husband
fore-在前面、先前、前面foreword, foretell
mid-, medi-中,中间midnight, midsummer
post-在后,后postwar
pre-, pri-在前、事先、预先preheat, prewar, prehistory
pro-在前、先、前prologue (序幕), prophet
re-再一次、重新retell, rewrite

第4节 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀

前缀含义举例
by-副、次要的byproduct
extra-超越、额外extraordinary
hyper-超过、极度hypersonic, hypertension
out-超过、过分outdo (超过), outbid
over-超过、过度、太overeat, overdress, oversleep
sub-, suc-次、低、副、亚subeditor, subordinate, succession
super-, sur-超过supernatural, superpower, surplus
under-低劣、低下undersize, undergrown
vice-副、次vice-president, vice-chairman

第5节 表示共同、相等意思的前缀

前缀含义举例
com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co-共同、一起combine, connect, coexist
syn-, syl-, sym-同、共、和、类synthesis, sympathy

第6节 表示整个完全意思的前缀

前缀含义举例
al-完整、完全alone, almost
over-完全、全overall, overflow (充满)
pan-全、总、万panentheism (泛神论), panorama (全景、概论)

第7节 表示分离、离开意思的前缀

前缀含义举例
a-, ab-, abs-分离、离开away, apart, abstract, abstain
de-离去、除去depart, decolour
dis-, di-, dif-分离、离开disarm, divorce
ex-, e-离开、分离expel, exclude, expatriate
for-离开、脱离forgive, forget
re-离开release, resolve
se-分离、隔离separate, seduce, select

第8节 表示通过、遍及意思的前缀

前缀含义举例
dia-通过、横过diameter, diagram
per-, pel-通、总、遍perfect, perform, pervade (浸透)
trans-横过、贯通transparent, transmit, transport

第9节 表示加强意思的前缀

  • a-: arouse, ashamed
  • ad-: adjoin, adhere (粘着)

第10节 表示变换此类作用的前缀

  • be-: befriend (帮助、扶助)
  • en-: enslave, enable, enrich
  • ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-:
    adapt, accord, affix, aggression, arrive,
    assist, attend, attract, arrange, assign

第11节 表示数量关系的前缀

前缀含义举例
mono-, mon-单一、一monotone, monopoly, monarch
ambi-, bi-, di-, twi-二、两、双ambiguous, amphibian, bicycle, diode, twilight
deca-, deco-, dec-, deci-decade, decimals
hecto-, hect-, centi-百,百分之一hectometer, centimeter
kilo-千、千分之一kilometer
myria-, myri-, mega, meg, micro-万、万分之一myriametre, megabyte, microvolt
multi-, mult-, poly-许多、复、多数multimetre, polysyllable
hemi-, demi-, semi-, pene-, pen-半、一半hemisphere, demiofiicial, semiconductor, semitransparent, peninsula

第12节 表示特殊意义的前缀

前缀含义举例
arch-首位、第一的、主要的architect, archbishop
auto-自己、独立、自动automobile, autobiography
bene-善、福benefit
eu-优、美好eugenics (优生学), euphemism
male-, mal-恶、不良maltreatment, malodor
macro-大、宏大macroscopic (宏观)
magni-magnificent
micro-microscope

第13节 表示术语的前缀

前缀含义举例
aud-听、声audience
bio-生命、生物biography
ge-地球、大地geography
phon-声、音调phonograph
tele-远离television, telephone

后缀

第1节 名词后缀

(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人

后缀含义举例
-an, -ian……地方的人,精通 ……的人American, historian
-al具有 ……职务的人principal
-ant, -ent……者merchant, agent, servant, student
-ar……的人scholar, liar
-ard, -art做……的人coward, laggard, braggart
-arian……派别/主义的人humanitarian, vegetarian
-ary从事 ……的人secretary, missionary
-ate具有 ……职责的人candidate, graduate
-ator做……的人educator, speculator
-crat某种政体、主义的支持者democrat, bureaucrat
-ee动作承受者employee, examinee
-eer从事于 ……的人engineer, volunteer
-er从事某职业的人,某地区、地方的人banker, observer, Londoner, villager
-ese……国人, ……地方的人Japanese, Cantonese
-ess阴性人称名词actress, hostess, manageress
-eur……家amateur, litterateur
-ian……地方人,信仰……教的人,从事……职业的人Christian, physician, musician
-ician精通者, ……家electrician, magician, technician
-icist……家,……者, ……能手physicist, phoneticist, technicist
-ic……者, ……师mechanic, critic
-ie爱称,指小diaries, auntie, lassie
-ier从事 ……职业cavalier, clothier, brazier
-ine, -ina阴性人称heroine, ballerina
-ist从事 ……研究者, 信仰……主义者pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist
-ive动作者,行动者native, captive
-logist……学家,研究者biologist, geologist
-or……者author, doctor, operator
-ster做……事情的人youngester, gamester, songster
-yer从事 ……职业者lawyer

(2) 构成具有抽象名词含义

后缀含义举例
-acy性质、状态、境遇accuracy, diplomacy
-age状态、行为、身份及结果、总称courage, storage, marriage
-al事物的动作、过程refusal, arrival, survival, denial
表示具体的事物manual, signal, editorial, journal
-ance, -ence性质、状态、行为、过程、总量、程度endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience
-ancy, -ency性质、状态、行为、过程frequency, urgency, efficiency
-bility动作、性质、状态possibility, feasibility
-craft工艺、技巧woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft
-cracy统治、支配bureaucracy, democracy
-cy性质、状态、职位、级别bankruptcy, supremacy
-dom等级、领域、状态freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-ery, -ry行为、状态、习性bravery, bribery, rivalry
-ety性质、状态variety, dubiety
-faction, -facture作成, ……化、作用satisfaction, manufacture
-hood资格、身份、年纪、状态childhood, falsehood
-ice行为、性质、状态notice, justice, service
-ine带有抽象概念medicine, discipline, famine
-ing动作的过程,结果building, writing, learning
-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition行为的过程、结果、状况action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction
-ise性质、状态exercise, merchandise
-ism制度、主义、学说、信仰、行为socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism
-ity性质、状态、程度purity, reality, ability, calamity
-ment行为、状态、过程、手段及其结果treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument
-mony动作的结果、状态ceremony, testimony
-ness性质、状态、程度goodness, kindness, tiredness
-or, -our动作、性质、状态favor, error
-osity动作、状态curiosity
-ship情况、性质、技巧、技能及身份、职业hardship, membership, friendship
-th动作、性质、过程、状态depth, wealth, truth, length, growth
-tude性质、状态、程度latitude, altitude
-ure行为、结果exposure, pressure, failure
-y行为的结果、状态、性质glory, history, inquiry

(3) 带有场所、地方的含义

后缀含义举例
-age住所、地点village, cottage
-ary住所、场地library, granary
-ery, -ry工作场所、饲养地、地点laundry, nursery, surgery
-ory工作场所、住处factory, dormitory, laboratory

(4) 表示学术、科技含义

后缀含义举例
-grapy……学,写法biography, calligraphy, geography
-ic, -ics……学, ……法logic, mechanics, optics
-ology……学, ……论biology, zoology, technology
-nomy……学, ……术astronomy, economy
-ery学科、学术chemistry, cookery, machinery
-y……学,术,法photography, philosophy

(5) 表示人和事物的总和,集合含义

  • -age: baggage, tonnage
  • -dom: newspaperdom
  • -hood: neighbourhood, womanhood
  • -ry: cavalry, ministry
  • -ure: legislature, judicature

(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义

  • -ant, -ent: solvent, constant
  • -al: signal, pictorial
  • -ar: collar, pillar
  • -er: boiler, computer, washer, cooker
  • -ery: drapery
  • -ing: clothing, matting
  • -ment: instrument, equipment, attachment

(7) 表示“细小”的意思

  • -cle: particle
  • -cule: molecule
  • -el: parcel
  • -en: chicken, maiden
  • -et: pocket, ticket
  • -etta, -ette, -etto: cigarette
  • -kin: napkin
  • -ling: duckling
  • -let: booklet
  • -y: baby, doggy

第2节 形容词后缀

(1) 带有“属性、倾向、相关”的含义

后缀举例
-able, -iblemovable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible
-alnatural, additional, educational
-an, -aneurban, suburban, republican
-ant, -entdistant, important, excellent
-arsimilar, popular, regular
-arymilitary, voluntary
-ic, -atic, -icalpolitic, systematic, physical
-inemasculine, feminine, marine
-ingmoving, touching, daring
-ishfoolish, bookish, selfish
-iveactive, impressive, decisive
-orysatisfactory, compulsory
-il, -ile, -eelfragile, genteel

(2) 表示“相像,类似”的含义

  • -ish: boyish, childish
  • -esque: picturesque
  • -like: manlike, childlike
  • -ly: manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly
  • -some: troublesome, handsome
  • -y: milky, pasty

(3) 表示“充分的”含义

  • -ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful
  • -ous: dangerous, generous, courageous, various
  • -ent: violent

(4) 表示由某种物质形成、制成或生产的含义

  • -en: wooden, golden, woolen
  • -ous: gaseous
  • -fic: scientific

(5) 表示方向的含义

  • -ern: eastern, western
  • -ward: downward, forward

(6) 表示“倍数”的含义

  • -ble: double, treble
  • -ple: triple
  • -fold: twofold, tenfold

(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义

  • -teen: thirteen
  • -ty: fifty
  • -th: fourth, fiftieth

(8) 表示国籍、语种、宗教的含义

  • -an: Roman, European
  • -ese: Chinese
  • -ish: English, Spanish

(9) 表示“比较程度”的含义

  • -er: greater
  • -ish: reddish, yellowish
  • -est: highest
  • -most: foremost, topmost

(10) 其他含义

  • -less: 否定
    countless, stainless, wireless

第3节 动词后缀

后缀含义举例
-ize, -ise做成,变成,……化modernize, mechanize, organize
-en是成为,引起,使有quicken, weaken, soften, harden
-fy使……化,使成beautify, purify, intensify, signify
-ish使,令finish, abolish, diminish, establish
-ate成为……,处理,作用separate, operate, indicate

第4节 副词后缀

  • -ly: possibly, swiftly, simply
  • -ward, -wards: downward, inwards, upward
  • -ways: always, sideways
  • -wise: otherwise, clockwise

词根

词根含义举例
aer, ar空气,大气aeroplane, aerial
ag, act, ig做,动作active, agent, reaction
altaltitude
alter, altern, altr其他,变更alternate
bio, bi, bion生物,生命biology, bionics
brev, bri, briefbrief, abbreviation, abridge
cap, capt, cept, cip取,获capture, except, concept, capacity
ced, ceed, cess行,让步proceed, succeed, excess
centr中心concentrate, eccentric
clain, claim呼喊claim, proclaim, exclaim
clos, clud闭合conclude, enclose, include
col, cult耕耘colony, cultivate, agriculture
cor, cordcordial, record, accord
curr, cur, cour跑,动作current, occur, concurrence
dic, dict说,示dictate, edit, indicate, predict
doc, doctdoctor, document
duc, duct引导、传导introduce, produce, conduct
fact, fac, fect, dic, dit做,创造factory, effect, profit, faculty
fend, fens打,击defense, offence
fer搬运,转移ferry, transfer, defer
fin, finit终、极final, finish, confine
firm坚固firm, confirm, affirm
fix固定prefix, affix
flect, flex弯曲flexible, reflex
flor, flour, flowerflower, flourish
formuniform, formula, transform, reform
forc, fort力,强度force, enforce, effort
gen, genit生产,发生generate, generation
gram, graph书写,记录telegram, diagram, photograph
grad, gress, gred, gree步,阶段gradually, degree, progress
hab, habit, hibit保持,住inhabit, exhibit, prohibit
her, hes粘附adhere, cohesion
ject, jet抛射project, inject
jour日,一天journal, adjourn, journey
jug, junct结合,连合conjunction, junction
labour, labor劳动,工作labourer, elabourate, collaborate
lect, leg, lig挑选,采集collect, select, lecture
lif, liv生活,生存life, alive
loc场所,位置location, dislocate
long, leng, ling长的length, prolong, linger
loqu, locut说话colloquial, eloquent
mand, mend命令command, demand, recommend
man, manu手,手法manage, manual
memor, member记忆memory, remember, memorial
mind, mentmind, remind, mental
merc, merch贸易commerce, merchant
meas, mens, meter, metr测量,度量measure, meter, diameter
mindiminish, minority
miss, mit派遣,送mission, dismiss, transmit, missile
mob, mot, movmovement, motion, mobile, remove
nect, nex捆扎connect, disconnect, annex
not记号,注意note, denote, annotation
onom, onym名字synonym, autonym, anonymous
pair, par相同,对等compare
准备 prepare
pel, puls追逐expel, impel
pend, pens, poud悬挂depend, independent, expense
phon声音symphony, telephone, microphone
plac位置,场所place, replace
peopl, popul, publ人民,民众public, republic, popular, people
port搬运export, import, deport
press压,压制pressure, express, oppress, impression
prob, proof, prov实验,验证prove, approve
quer, quest, quir, quis寻找,探问inquiry, question, inquisition
rang, rank排列arrange, rank
rect, right, rig正,直correct, direct, erect
riv河流,流远river, arrive, derive
rupt破坏,毁坏eruption, bankrupt, corruption
sci认识,知识science, conscious
scrib, script书写,记录describe, script
sens, sent感觉,情感sensation, sentiment
sign标记,符号signal, signature, design
sembl, simil相似,类似similar, resemble, assimilate
soci结合,社交social, association
spec, spect, spitc, spis看,视inspect, spectator, conspicuous
struct建筑,构造structure, construct, instruct
tect, teg遮蔽,掩盖detect, protect
temp, tens时间,时机tense, contemporary, temporal
tend, tes, tent倾向,伸张tendency, intension, extend, intend
test证明,证实testify, protest, contest
text编织,构成textile, texture, context
tract, trail拖拉,吸引attract, tractor, abstract, contract
tribut给予contribution, distribute
us, ut用,使用usable, utilize, abuse
vac, van空,虚vacancy, vanity, evacuate
vad, vas, wad走,去invade, wade, evade
vers, vert旋转,反转convert, inversion, reverse, divert
vid, vis, vey, view观看,看见television, visible, evident, interview, survey
viv, vit生,活vivid, vital, survival
war, ward注意,保护aware, wary, ward
wayway, away, subway, always

总结
上述内容汇总了常见的前缀、后缀以及词根,在记忆单词时可以灵活运用这些构词法规则,帮助深度理解和记忆单词含义。

  • 通过掌握 前缀,可以辨识单词的功能或方向(如否定、比较、位置、数量等)。
  • 熟悉 后缀,能够快速识别单词的词性(如名词、形容词、动词、副词)。
  • 了解 词根,则能深度把握单词最核心的含义和出处。

:rocket: 祝学习顺利!

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