英语单词构词法

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前缀

第1节 表示否定意义的前缀

(1) 纯否定前缀

a-, an-: asymmetry (不对称), anhydrous (无水的)

dis-: dishonest, dislike

in-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-:  
incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible,  

immoral, illegal, irregular

ne-, n-: none, neither, never

non-: nonsense

un-: unable, unemployment

(2) 表示“错误”的意义

male-, mal-: malfunction, maladjustment (失调)

mis-: mistake, mislead

pseudo-: pseudonym (假名), pseudoscience (伪科学)

(3) 表示“反动作”的意思

de-: defend, demodulation (解调)

dis-: disarm, disconnect

un-: unload, uncover

(4) 表示“相反、相互对立”的意思

anti-, ant-: antiknock (防震), antiforeign (排外的)

contra-, contre-, contro-: contradiction, controflow (逆流)

counter-: counteraction, counterbalance

ob-, oc-, of-, op-: object, oppose, occupy

with-: withdraw, withstand

第2节 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

a-	在……之上、向……	aboard, aside
by-	附近、邻近、边侧	bypath, bypass
---	---	---
circum-, circu-	周围、环绕、回转	circumstance, circuit
---	---	---
de-	在下、向下	descend, degrade
---	---	---
en-	在内、进入	encage, enbed
---	---	---
ex-, ec-, es-	外部、外	exit, eclipse, expand, export
---	---	---
extra-	额外	extraction
---	---	---
fore-	在前面	forehead, foreground
---	---	---
in-, il-, im-, ir-	向内、在内、背于	inland, invade, inside, import
---	---	---
inter-, intel-	在……间，相互	international, interaction
---	---	---
intro-	向内、在内、内侧	introduce
---	---	---
medi-, med-, mid-	中，中间	Mediterranean, midposition
---	---	---
out-	在上面，在外部，在外	outline, outside, outward
---	---	---
over-	在上面，在外部，向上	overlook, overhead, overboard
---	---	---
post-	向后，在后面，次	postscript (附言), postgraduate
---	---	---
pre-	在前，在前面	prefix, preface, preposition
---	---	---
pro-	在前、向前	progress, proceed
---	---	---
sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-	在下面，下	subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement
---	---	---
super-, sur-	在……之上	superficial, surface, superstructure
---	---	---
trans-	移上，转上，在那一边	translate, transform, transoceanic
---	---	---
under-	在……下面，下的	underline, underground
---	---	---
up-	向上，向上面，在上	upward, uphold, uphill
---	---	---

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第3节 表示时间、序列关系的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

ante-, anti-	先前，早于，预先	antecedent, anticipate
ex-	先、故、旧	ex-president, ex-husband
---	---	---
fore-	在前面、先前、前面	foreword, foretell
---	---	---
mid-, medi-	中，中间	midnight, midsummer
---	---	---
post-	在后，后	postwar
---	---	---
pre-, pri-	在前、事先、预先	preheat, prewar, prehistory
---	---	---
pro-	在前、先、前	prologue (序幕), prophet
---	---	---
re-	再一次、重新	retell, rewrite
---	---	---

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第4节 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

by-	副、次要的	byproduct
extra-	超越、额外	extraordinary
---	---	---
hyper-	超过、极度	hypersonic, hypertension
---	---	---
out-	超过、过分	outdo (超过), outbid
---	---	---
over-	超过、过度、太	overeat, overdress, oversleep
---	---	---
sub-, suc-	次、低、副、亚	subeditor, subordinate, succession
---	---	---
super-, sur-	超过	supernatural, superpower, surplus
---	---	---
under-	低劣、低下	undersize, undergrown
---	---	---
vice-	副、次	vice-president, vice-chairman
---	---	---

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第5节 表示共同、相等意思的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co-	共同、一起	combine, connect, coexist
syn-, syl-, sym-	同、共、和、类	synthesis, sympathy
---	---	---

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第6节 表示整个完全意思的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

al-	完整、完全	alone, almost
over-	完全、全	overall, overflow (充满)
---	---	---
pan-	全、总、万	panentheism (泛神论), panorama (全景、概论)
---	---	---

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第7节 表示分离、离开意思的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

a-, ab-, abs-	分离、离开	away, apart, abstract, abstain
de-	离去、除去	depart, decolour
---	---	---
dis-, di-, dif-	分离、离开	disarm, divorce
---	---	---
ex-, e-	离开、分离	expel, exclude, expatriate
---	---	---
for-	离开、脱离	forgive, forget
---	---	---
re-	离开	release, resolve
---	---	---
se-	分离、隔离	separate, seduce, select
---	---	---

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第8节 表示通过、遍及意思的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

dia-	通过、横过	diameter, diagram
per-, pel-	通、总、遍	perfect, perform, pervade (浸透)
---	---	---
trans-	横过、贯通	transparent, transmit, transport
---	---	---

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第9节 表示加强意思的前缀

a-: arouse, ashamed

ad-: adjoin, adhere (粘着)

第10节 表示变换此类作用的前缀

be-: befriend (帮助、扶助)

en-: enslave, enable, enrich

ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-:  
adapt, accord, affix, aggression, arrive,  

assist, attend, attract, arrange, assign

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第11节 表示数量关系的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

mono-, mon-	单一、一	monotone, monopoly, monarch
ambi-, bi-, di-, twi-	二、两、双	ambiguous, amphibian, bicycle, diode, twilight
---	---	---
deca-, deco-, dec-, deci-	十	decade, decimals
---	---	---
hecto-, hect-, centi-	百，百分之一	hectometer, centimeter
---	---	---
kilo-	千、千分之一	kilometer
---	---	---
myria-, myri-, mega, meg, micro-	万、万分之一	myriametre, megabyte, microvolt
---	---	---
multi-, mult-, poly-	许多、复、多数	multimetre, polysyllable
---	---	---
hemi-, demi-, semi-, pene-, pen-	半、一半	hemisphere, demiofiicial, semiconductor, semitransparent, peninsula
---	---	---

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第12节 表示特殊意义的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

arch-	首位、第一的、主要的	architect, archbishop
auto-	自己、独立、自动	automobile, autobiography
---	---	---
bene-	善、福	benefit
---	---	---
eu-	优、美好	eugenics (优生学), euphemism
---	---	---
male-, mal-	恶、不良	maltreatment, malodor
---	---	---
macro-	大、宏大	macroscopic (宏观)
---	---	---
magni-	大	magnificent
---	---	---
micro-	微	microscope
---	---	---

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第13节 表示术语的前缀

前缀	含义	举例

aud-	听、声	audience
bio-	生命、生物	biography
---	---	---
ge-	地球、大地	geography
---	---	---
phon-	声、音调	phonograph
---	---	---
tele-	远离	television, telephone
---	---	---

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后缀

第1节 名词后缀

(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人

后缀	含义	举例

-an, -ian	……地方的人，精通 ……的人	American, historian
-al	具有 ……职务的人	principal
---	---	---
-ant, -ent	……者	merchant, agent, servant, student
---	---	---
-ar	……的人	scholar, liar
---	---	---
-ard, -art	做……的人	coward, laggard, braggart
---	---	---
-arian	……派别/主义的人	humanitarian, vegetarian
---	---	---
-ary	从事 ……的人	secretary, missionary
---	---	---
-ate	具有 ……职责的人	candidate, graduate
---	---	---
-ator	做……的人	educator, speculator
---	---	---
-crat	某种政体、主义的支持者	democrat, bureaucrat
---	---	---
-ee	动作承受者	employee, examinee
---	---	---
-eer	从事于 ……的人	engineer, volunteer
---	---	---
-er	从事某职业的人，某地区、地方的人	banker, observer, Londoner, villager
---	---	---
-ese	……国人， ……地方的人	Japanese, Cantonese
---	---	---
-ess	阴性人称名词	actress, hostess, manageress
---	---	---
-eur	……家	amateur, litterateur
---	---	---
-ian	……地方人，信仰……教的人，从事……职业的人	Christian, physician, musician
---	---	---
-ician	精通者， ……家	electrician, magician, technician
---	---	---
-icist	……家，……者， ……能手	physicist, phoneticist, technicist
---	---	---
-ic	……者， ……师	mechanic, critic
---	---	---
-ie	爱称，指小	diaries, auntie, lassie
---	---	---
-ier	从事 ……职业	cavalier, clothier, brazier
---	---	---
-ine, -ina	阴性人称	heroine, ballerina
---	---	---
-ist	从事 ……研究者， 信仰……主义者	pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist
---	---	---
-ive	动作者，行动者	native, captive
---	---	---
-logist	……学家，研究者	biologist, geologist
---	---	---
-or	……者	author, doctor, operator
---	---	---
-ster	做……事情的人	youngester, gamester, songster
---	---	---
-yer	从事 ……职业者	lawyer
---	---	---

(2) 构成具有抽象名词含义

后缀	含义	举例

-acy	性质、状态、境遇	accuracy, diplomacy
-age	状态、行为、身份及结果、总称	courage, storage, marriage
---	---	---
-al	事物的动作、过程	refusal, arrival, survival, denial
---	---	---
	表示具体的事物	manual, signal, editorial, journal
---	---	---
-ance, -ence	性质、状态、行为、过程、总量、程度	endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience
---	---	---
-ancy, -ency	性质、状态、行为、过程	frequency, urgency, efficiency
---	---	---
-bility	动作、性质、状态	possibility, feasibility
---	---	---
-craft	工艺、技巧	woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft
---	---	---
-cracy	统治、支配	bureaucracy, democracy
---	---	---
-cy	性质、状态、职位、级别	bankruptcy, supremacy
---	---	---
-dom	等级、领域、状态	freedom, kingdom, wisdom
---	---	---
-ery, -ry	行为、状态、习性	bravery, bribery, rivalry
---	---	---
-ety	性质、状态	variety, dubiety
---	---	---
-faction, -facture	作成， ……化、作用	satisfaction, manufacture
---	---	---
-hood	资格、身份、年纪、状态	childhood, falsehood
---	---	---
-ice	行为、性质、状态	notice, justice, service
---	---	---
-ine	带有抽象概念	medicine, discipline, famine
---	---	---
-ing	动作的过程，结果	building, writing, learning
---	---	---
-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition	行为的过程、结果、状况	action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction
---	---	---
-ise	性质、状态	exercise, merchandise
---	---	---
-ism	制度、主义、学说、信仰、行为	socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism
---	---	---
-ity	性质、状态、程度	purity, reality, ability, calamity
---	---	---
-ment	行为、状态、过程、手段及其结果	treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument
---	---	---
-mony	动作的结果、状态	ceremony, testimony
---	---	---
-ness	性质、状态、程度	goodness, kindness, tiredness
---	---	---
-or, -our	动作、性质、状态	favor, error
---	---	---
-osity	动作、状态	curiosity
---	---	---
-ship	情况、性质、技巧、技能及身份、职业	hardship, membership, friendship
---	---	---
-th	动作、性质、过程、状态	depth, wealth, truth, length, growth
---	---	---
-tude	性质、状态、程度	latitude, altitude
---	---	---
-ure	行为、结果	exposure, pressure, failure
---	---	---
-y	行为的结果、状态、性质	glory, history, inquiry
---	---	---

(3) 带有场所、地方的含义

后缀	含义	举例

-age	住所、地点	village, cottage
-ary	住所、场地	library, granary
---	---	---
-ery, -ry	工作场所、饲养地、地点	laundry, nursery, surgery
---	---	---
-ory	工作场所、住处	factory, dormitory, laboratory
---	---	---

(4) 表示学术、科技含义

后缀	含义	举例

-grapy	……学，写法	biography, calligraphy, geography
-ic, -ics	……学， ……法	logic, mechanics, optics
---	---	---
-ology	……学， ……论	biology, zoology, technology
---	---	---
-nomy	……学， ……术	astronomy, economy
---	---	---
-ery	学科、学术	chemistry, cookery, machinery
---	---	---
-y	……学，术，法	photography, philosophy
---	---	---

(5) 表示人和事物的总和，集合含义

-age: baggage, tonnage

-dom: newspaperdom

-hood: neighbourhood, womanhood

-ry: cavalry, ministry

-ure: legislature, judicature

(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义

-ant, -ent: solvent, constant

-al: signal, pictorial

-ar: collar, pillar

-er: boiler, computer, washer, cooker

-ery: drapery

-ing: clothing, matting

-ment: instrument, equipment, attachment

(7) 表示“细小”的意思

-cle: particle

-cule: molecule

-el: parcel

-en: chicken, maiden

-et: pocket, ticket

-etta, -ette, -etto: cigarette

-kin: napkin

-ling: duckling

-let: booklet

-y: baby, doggy

第2节 形容词后缀

(1) 带有“属性、倾向、相关”的含义

后缀	举例

-able, -ible	movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible
-al	natural, additional, educational
---	---
-an, -ane	urban, suburban, republican
---	---
-ant, -ent	distant, important, excellent
---	---
-ar	similar, popular, regular
---	---
-ary	military, voluntary
---	---
-ic, -atic, -ical	politic, systematic, physical
---	---
-ine	masculine, feminine, marine
---	---
-ing	moving, touching, daring
---	---
-ish	foolish, bookish, selfish
---	---
-ive	active, impressive, decisive
---	---
-ory	satisfactory, compulsory
---	---
-il, -ile, -eel	fragile, genteel
---	---

(2) 表示“相像，类似”的含义

-ish: boyish, childish

-esque: picturesque

-like: manlike, childlike

-ly: manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly

-some: troublesome, handsome

-y: milky, pasty

(3) 表示“充分的”含义

-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful

-ous: dangerous, generous, courageous, various

-ent: violent

(4) 表示由某种物质形成、制成或生产的含义

-en: wooden, golden, woolen

-ous: gaseous

-fic: scientific

(5) 表示方向的含义

-ern: eastern, western

-ward: downward, forward

(6) 表示“倍数”的含义

-ble: double, treble

-ple: triple

-fold: twofold, tenfold

(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义

-teen: thirteen

-ty: fifty

-th: fourth, fiftieth

(8) 表示国籍、语种、宗教的含义

-an: Roman, European

-ese: Chinese

-ish: English, Spanish

(9) 表示“比较程度”的含义

-er: greater

-ish: reddish, yellowish

-est: highest

-most: foremost, topmost

(10) 其他含义

-less: 否定  
countless, stainless, wireless

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第3节 动词后缀

后缀	含义	举例

-ize, -ise	做成，变成，……化	modernize, mechanize, organize
-en	是成为，引起，使有	quicken, weaken, soften, harden
---	---	---
-fy	使……化，使成	beautify, purify, intensify, signify
---	---	---
-ish	使，令	finish, abolish, diminish, establish
---	---	---
-ate	成为……，处理，作用	separate, operate, indicate
---	---	---

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第4节 副词后缀

-ly: possibly, swiftly, simply

-ward, -wards: downward, inwards, upward

-ways: always, sideways

-wise: otherwise, clockwise

词根

词根	含义	举例

aer, ar	空气，大气	aeroplane, aerial
ag, act, ig	做，动作	active, agent, reaction
---	---	---
alt	高	altitude
---	---	---
alter, altern, altr	其他，变更	alternate
---	---	---
bio, bi, bion	生物，生命	biology, bionics
---	---	---
brev, bri, brief	短	brief, abbreviation, abridge
---	---	---
cap, capt, cept, cip	取，获	capture, except, concept, capacity
---	---	---
ced, ceed, cess	行，让步	proceed, succeed, excess
---	---	---
centr	中心	concentrate, eccentric
---	---	---
clain, claim	呼喊	claim, proclaim, exclaim
---	---	---
clos, clud	闭合	conclude, enclose, include
---	---	---
col, cult	耕耘	colony, cultivate, agriculture
---	---	---
cor, cord	心	cordial, record, accord
---	---	---
curr, cur, cour	跑，动作	current, occur, concurrence
---	---	---
dic, dict	说，示	dictate, edit, indicate, predict
---	---	---
doc, doct	教	doctor, document
---	---	---
duc, duct	引导、传导	introduce, produce, conduct
---	---	---
fact, fac, fect, dic, dit	做，创造	factory, effect, profit, faculty
---	---	---
fend, fens	打，击	defense, offence
---	---	---
fer	搬运，转移	ferry, transfer, defer
---	---	---
fin, finit	终、极	final, finish, confine
---	---	---
firm	坚固	firm, confirm, affirm
---	---	---
fix	固定	prefix, affix
---	---	---
flect, flex	弯曲	flexible, reflex
---	---	---
flor, flour, flower	花	flower, flourish
---	---	---
form	形	uniform, formula, transform, reform
---	---	---
forc, fort	力，强度	force, enforce, effort
---	---	---
gen, genit	生产，发生	generate, generation
---	---	---
gram, graph	书写，记录	telegram, diagram, photograph
---	---	---
grad, gress, gred, gree	步，阶段	gradually, degree, progress
---	---	---
hab, habit, hibit	保持，住	inhabit, exhibit, prohibit
---	---	---
her, hes	粘附	adhere, cohesion
---	---	---
ject, jet	抛射	project, inject
---	---	---
jour	日，一天	journal, adjourn, journey
---	---	---
jug, junct	结合，连合	conjunction, junction
---	---	---
labour, labor	劳动，工作	labourer, elabourate, collaborate
---	---	---
lect, leg, lig	挑选，采集	collect, select, lecture
---	---	---
lif, liv	生活，生存	life, alive
---	---	---
loc	场所，位置	location, dislocate
---	---	---
long, leng, ling	长的	length, prolong, linger
---	---	---
loqu, locut	说话	colloquial, eloquent
---	---	---
mand, mend	命令	command, demand, recommend
---	---	---
man, manu	手，手法	manage, manual
---	---	---
memor, member	记忆	memory, remember, memorial
---	---	---
mind, ment	心	mind, remind, mental
---	---	---
merc, merch	贸易	commerce, merchant
---	---	---
meas, mens, meter, metr	测量，度量	measure, meter, diameter
---	---	---
min	小	diminish, minority
---	---	---
miss, mit	派遣，送	mission, dismiss, transmit, missile
---	---	---
mob, mot, mov	动	movement, motion, mobile, remove
---	---	---
nect, nex	捆扎	connect, disconnect, annex
---	---	---
not	记号，注意	note, denote, annotation
---	---	---
onom, onym	名字	synonym, autonym, anonymous
---	---	---
pair, par	相同，对等	compare 准备 prepare
---	---	---
pel, puls	追逐	expel, impel
---	---	---
pend, pens, poud	悬挂	depend, independent, expense
---	---	---
phon	声音	symphony, telephone, microphone
---	---	---
plac	位置，场所	place, replace
---	---	---
peopl, popul, publ	人民，民众	public, republic, popular, people
---	---	---
port	搬运	export, import, deport
---	---	---
press	压，压制	pressure, express, oppress, impression
---	---	---
prob, proof, prov	实验，验证	prove, approve
---	---	---
quer, quest, quir, quis	寻找，探问	inquiry, question, inquisition
---	---	---
rang, rank	排列	arrange, rank
---	---	---
rect, right, rig	正，直	correct, direct, erect
---	---	---
riv	河流，流远	river, arrive, derive
---	---	---
rupt	破坏，毁坏	eruption, bankrupt, corruption
---	---	---
sci	认识，知识	science, conscious
---	---	---
scrib, script	书写，记录	describe, script
---	---	---
sens, sent	感觉，情感	sensation, sentiment
---	---	---
sign	标记，符号	signal, signature, design
---	---	---
sembl, simil	相似，类似	similar, resemble, assimilate
---	---	---
soci	结合，社交	social, association
---	---	---
spec, spect, spitc, spis	看，视	inspect, spectator, conspicuous
---	---	---
struct	建筑，构造	structure, construct, instruct
---	---	---
tect, teg	遮蔽，掩盖	detect, protect
---	---	---
temp, tens	时间，时机	tense, contemporary, temporal
---	---	---
tend, tes, tent	倾向，伸张	tendency, intension, extend, intend
---	---	---
test	证明，证实	testify, protest, contest
---	---	---
text	编织，构成	textile, texture, context
---	---	---
tract, trail	拖拉，吸引	attract, tractor, abstract, contract
---	---	---
tribut	给予	contribution, distribute
---	---	---
us, ut	用，使用	usable, utilize, abuse
---	---	---
vac, van	空，虚	vacancy, vanity, evacuate
---	---	---
vad, vas, wad	走，去	invade, wade, evade
---	---	---
vers, vert	旋转，反转	convert, inversion, reverse, divert
---	---	---
vid, vis, vey, view	观看，看见	television, visible, evident, interview, survey
---	---	---
viv, vit	生，活	vivid, vital, survival
---	---	---
war, ward	注意，保护	aware, wary, ward
---	---	---
way	路	way, away, subway, always
---	---	---

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总结  

上述内容汇总了常见的前缀、后缀以及词根，在记忆单词时可以灵活运用这些构词法规则，帮助深度理解和记忆单词含义。  

• 通过掌握 前缀，可以辨识单词的功能或方向（如否定、比较、位置、数量等）。  

• 熟悉 后缀，能够快速识别单词的词性（如名词、形容词、动词、副词）。  

• 了解 词根，则能深度把握单词最核心的含义和出处。

:rocket: 祝学习顺利！